Some intriguing Questions which I always want to know answer of

 Who doesn't like Mystery? Everybody like to have a scroll with a hidden map directing towards mystery. But as a Physics student, we like mysteries about the reality. Indeed, it's so interesting. If you are a physics lover or generally curious about nature then I think you'll also have the same questions as mine.                    N.B: The questions that I'm putting right now are based on my current knowledge (2nd year undergraduate student). So, It is mutable during any time of my Physics journey. Also some high qualified people may find it stupid too. 

1. About Big Bang: How one bang can create such a massive universe which has trillions of trillions of galaxies which contains more stars, nebulas, clusters etc. It looks so unrealistic. It is heard that time has begun after Big Bang. So, what about the Space? What causes the Big Bang? I heard about the fine tuning of the universe. How all the constants are finely tuned? And does it predict about all the possible other universes where the values of the constants are different? 

2. About Consciousness: How can we say that we are the only being that has consciousness specially when we can't even know it's proper definition. What about the work of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose on plants where he proved the plant's sensitivity towards external stimuli, is it not an example of consciousness. Or consciousness came because of our intelligence? So, then how can we say that when AI would excessed human excellence, they would not get consciousness.  

3. About Teaching: I just want to know why most people are too bad at teaching. I mean if I look back at my high school days, now I can realize how bad my teachers were. They did everything to make the subjects boring and difficult. I just think sometimes that maybe I able to manage myself and carried myself in such a way that now I could able to follow my childhood dream, but what about those students who became completely uninterested because of those teachers and their teaching style. They never got to see the beautiful side of learning, right?

4. About the Origin of Life: More specifically about the origin of life in Earth. I am curious to know whether the environment of ancient earth or other external planets where life had already began, responsible for the source of life in earth. 

5. About the So Called General People: Why most people are so negative about others. When I say most people I mean educated, illiterate all sorts of people. Why can't we live like brothers and sisters. Why most people don't understand we all are living under the same sky, we all the people of Earth. Why they don't understand when you are being toxic about others, how you can live a peaceful life yourselves. I am a big fan of the word "Cosmopolitan".

6. About the Energy Crisis: We all know within a century or so, we will be in deep crisis as far so the reserved energy in concern. So why still countries are not in a driver seat to find it's solution? What are they waiting for? And it's not about just crisis, the environment is also getting damaged. When will we start giving more attention in this? Time is running out.

7. About Space Voyages: We first went to the moon in 1970s. What happened after that? Why we stopped making progress after that? It's 50 years after that first moon landing, we can't able to step foot in any planets. Did Those historical things occur because some countries want to show their powers or they were genuinely interested? 

Is Mathematics an Invention or Discovery?

 Okay first thing first, What's the difference between Invention and Discovery?                                             Invention means creating something which doesn't exist previously. Like Graham Bell "invented" the Telephone. Telephone doesn't exist before 1876, it's a purely new concept and thing that's why it's an invention.. Discovery means something that exists before but nobody witnessed, finding such a thing is an Discovery. Like Columbus "discovered" America because before 1492 America never had been known or put into a global map. So it was an discovery of America.  

 Now as you understand the difference, let's analyze the title of this blog. Shall we?                                      This gonna be my personal views. Your point of view can be different than mine. First I shall give some facts I know, then from those I shall assume a possible answer. Obviously it's really hard to come a conclusion of this type of questions. But I want you to think of your own.                                                                 Let's analyze both sides first. Then we will try to give some conclusions.

• What if Mathematics an Invention:                                                                                                         In this scenario, maybe some ancient Greeks were trying to solve some advance problems and they managed to find 'Mathematics', an analytical tool to find a reasonable solution. As we know from the definition of Invention, then Mathematics is just a concept which seems to work great.                                                                                                                                                             Now what does that mean? It means that Mathematics is an Idea that humans have created. And we're not perfect. We may be the most advanced and developed species out there but we are also the product of this universe. There are lots of examples you can find in internet which easily trick our brain. So something that have come from our brain will able to conquer all the secrets of the universe -  looks like too optimistic. Now definitely AI have the potential. But it seems unlikely that they could be any help in the field of innovation. So, Mathematics as an invention doesn't look to fulfill our ultimate goals.                                                                                              
• What if Mathematics a Discovery:                                                                                                            Consider a situation where we able to get the Nature as the way it is through Mathematics, as the Astrophysicists describe Mathematics " The language of the Universe". Then this could be undoubtedly the most significant discovery by mankind. As this is the way nature works we could definitely find those answers that we are looking for thousands of years.                                                   We can draw another significant conclusion from here. We are never assured about how we should contact the Aliens. Well if Mathematics is the Universal Language and Aliens are advanced enough to contact and reach us back then by that time Aliens would have also come across to the universal language. So undoubtedly Mathematics would be the way to contact with ET. So, Mathematics as a discovery has infinite consequences.                                                                                     
• My Conclusion:                                                                                                                                          I know this is not best of a question. Because this type of questions don't have any answers. This is just an argument. But I think particularly this question has so much significance. So there's nothing wrong to explore it more.                                                                                                     Now my turn. Have you ever wondered how a theory got approved? It's not just you make a mathematically correct theory and it got approved. You may wonder if Mathematics is a discovery then there's no wrong with the mathematics here. But why the theory has to go with reality check before approving?                                                                                                                  Everybody know Albert Einstein right? One of his greatest contributions is General Theory of Relativity. But do you know this theory was published in 1916 but never got accepted until 1919 when English Astronomer Arthur Eddington and later by other scientists proved his theory right by checking natural phenomenon(bending of light around sun during total solar eclipse).                                                     You can feel it right where I'm going with this !!! That means, it's not about just about Mathematics. Mathematics is just working as a stimulation to better explain the Nature. This couldn't be the consequence if Mathematics is a Discovery.                                                                                                                     So, the conclusion that I get from the entire discussion is that Mathematics may be just an Invention but undoubtedly it has make us the most advanced species in the world. But being the part of the nature it would be tough for us to conquer it with our own inventions. But who knows may be just may be our inventions became that advance that it would be able to give some reasonable answers of the questions that our ancestors were looking for thousands of years. Let's hope for the best.      

How Dopamine is responsible for Everyday Struggle in your life

 Okay first of all I wanna clarify this is my personal experience. But I'm a human being too (though I'm better than everybody else or the 'best' as the cool kids call me) so I guess you guys can relate to this. These points mainly applicable for students as this is my experience and I am a Student.

1. Connection between Dopamine and Your Problems: 

• Start with a late night. Assuming you are not taking caffeine before sleep, have you ever wondered why you stay up late at night? Well one of the reasons could be your brain find sleep a boring thing. Didn't understand? Think for a minute. All day long you are doing high dopamine activities like playing video games, watching Netflix, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, hanging out with friends and now all of a sudden you are telling your brain to stop everything and sleep. Isn't it boring? Though you are dripping in sleep, your brain is forcing you not to sleep and you are still watching YouTube or scrolling Social Media pages with a half naked eyes.                           
• Now because of this as expected you wake up late. As usual you are angry for sleeping late in the morning cause you made a lot of plans. So you are not happy in the very beginning of your day. Remember you can't even happily brush your teeth or talk to your family members. One of reasons cause you are pissed of for waking up late another reason is as in the night you do all of those high dopamine stuff and fall asleep unconsciously your brain find brushing your teeth or talking with somebody boring and naturally you got frustrated.                                                           
• Let's get into the most important thing in your life now which is Studying(Assuming you want to make a carrier in Education). You are already frustrated for waking up late, then you have done all those stupid stuff like brushing teeth, eating and now you are going to do Study !!! How boring is that!! Now you have taken enough. You can't take any bad things anymore. To escape from all of this you start doing something which gives you nice feelings, you start watching YouTube or scrolling your Social Media pages just to give yourself momentary pleasures.                      
• Like this you have killed your study time, skipped your online classes. Now you have taken bath, have your lunch; by that time your head is aching cause you just had consume internet for last 24 hours. You wanna sleep  now but you can't because it's low dopamine activity.  As you are in a no mood of consuming internet but your brain still want dopamine so you start thinking about fapping, cause it not only releases dopamine but also throw Testosterone out of your body which makes you feel less energetic and sleepy. But at that same time you start becoming anxious for make yourself dirty. That's a whole new chapter.

                                                            So, basically the things that you go through may look random but Dopamine could be the one reason for all of this if analyze carefully.

      

      2.  Possible Solutions:

• One of the way I control my action is by analyzing my day to day activity. Like, give yourself a little time to go through your day, I do this before sleep where I ask myself what are the things I did right or didn't, where I just genuinely waste my time, how can I avoid procrastination next time if I am in a same situation.                                                                                                                                   Basically you have to talk with yourself about everything in a day to day schedule.                                                                                                                                                
• I always try to remember that quote " When boring things become interesting, then you never feel bored in your life". Do some meditation, try to connect with nature, give yourself little boredom and use that time to think about your life, future, daily scheduling. Try to make it a habit.
• Last but definitely not least you need a strong "Why" in your life. Why this urge to change yourself to make a better person, why the necessity to feel yourself bored where you could just waste your time in things which would release huge amount of dopamine to make you feel better. So my point is you need a long term vision to tackle this time of daily problems.                                               I know this is not easy. But you shouldn't stop trying. "A little Progress each day adds up to big result".                                                                                                                               I hope these points will help you tackle your daily problems to increase your productivity and happiness.             

Constellations

CONSTELLATIONS :

          If you look in the sky year after year, you will see that stars do indeed appear fixed relative to each other. Furthermore, throughout the year each night the entire pattern of stars appears to rigidly orbit the Earth. If you gaze at the sky on a clear, dark night you will  able to notice this patterns, technically called "Asterisms", formed by bright stars. These recognizable patterns of stars are informally called "constellations". The celestial sphere  (click the link) is divided into 88 constellations of different sizes and shapes. The boundaries of the constellations are straight lines that meet at right angles.

ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS:

        The constellations through which the Sun moves throughout the year as it travels along the ecliptic are called "Zodiac constellations". We cannot see the stars of these constellations when the Sun is among
them, but we can plot the Sun's path on the celestial sphere to determine through which constellations it moves. Basically, there are 12 zodiac constellations whose borders were set in antiquity. Later astronomers confirmed that there were 13 constellations through which the Sun moves throughout the year. In this list, you will find all the 13 zodiac constellations and the time when the sun passes through them.

             In this section, we gonna talk about the basic constellations that we always see by our naked eyes. some of the well-known constellations are "Orion", 'Ursa Major", "Scorpius", "Ursa Minor" etc

CONSTELLATIONS USED IN NAVIGATING OTHER STARS:

         From the ancient time before the invention of compass, people use the constellations in navigation. Constellations can be used to find other stars too.

       🎵 BIG DIPPER:  If you live in northern hemisphere, you can use the Big Dipper to find the north direction by find out the North Star. To do this, at first locate the Big Dipper. if you see the dipper upside down in the sky, imagine the dipper resting on an upside-down table above it. Locate the two stars of the

bowl farthest from dipper's handle. They're called "pointer Stars". Connect the pointer stars by a line and take it away from the table, the first bright star you see is "Polaris". It's also known as "North Star" because it's located almost over the North Pole. So you can easily find North Star like this. North Star is widely used in navigation. Whenever you face Polaris or North Star, you are actually facing north. East is then on your right, south is behind you and west is on your left side.
                                         Now being familiar with Big Dipper, you also easily can locate other stars. Imagine, you gripped the handle of the Dipper and slammed its bowl straight down, the first group of bright stars you encounter will be "Leo". The brightest star in this group is Regulus.

     🎵 WINTER TRIANGLE:  Winter Triangle connects 3 bright stars of the constellations of "Orion",Sirius". While you're facing the Orion locate it's belt, follow the mental line from it to the left, the first bright star that you will encounter is the brightest star in the sky "Sirius".

"Canis Major", "Canis Minor". You can observe this triangle during the winter months in the northern hemisphere. It passes the sky at night during the middle of the winter.If you able to find the winter triangle, you can also encounter the Orion. It will be easy for you then to find the brightest star in the sky "

     🎵 SUMMER TRIANGLE:  The "summer triangle" graces the night sky in summer. It connects 3 bright stars of the constellations of "Lyra", "Cygnus", "Aquila", names of the stars are "Vega", "Deneb", "Altair" from the 3 constellations respectively. A conspicuous portion of the Milky Way forms a beautiful
background for these constellations, Which are nearly overhead during the middle of the summer at midnight.

                     These are some examples which are used to detect other stars or in navigation. apart from these there are some constellations which are very large like "Ursa Major", which can describe an entire area of the sky and all the object in it.       

History of space exploration and achievements

HISTORY OF SPACE EXPLORATION AND ACHIEVEMENTS:


Exploration is always in the genes of human but space exploration became much popular in the early 21st century due to the commercialization of space industry.

       The beginning of space exploration Was in 1957 when Soviet Union sent the first unmanned mission into space. They launched a satellite called "Sputnik 1".Later in

•  Sputnik 1

that year, they again launched another satellite known as "Sputnik 2" which carried a dog into orbit. After experimenting with animals, the first manned mission took place when Russia on April 12, 1961 carried a young man named Yuri Gagarin into the orbit. Followed by that couple of more mission took place.

     With development   of technology it was the time to take human to the moon which turned into reality in 1969 when Neil Armstrong and his crew made a safe landing on moon in Apollo 11. Neil Armstrong became the first human to step foot on the moon.

• Neil Armstrong on the moon

 After triumphing the moon it was the time to give their attention to Mars. In 1971 "Mariner 9" became the first space probe to orbit the red planet. In so many Mars missions organizations around the world faced lot of failures but nothing stop them to exploring the unknown. As a result of constant hard work NASA became the first space organization to land their "Viking Landers" on

• Viking lander on Mars

Martian soil. It just create a whole new enthusiasm among the industry. Later so many Mars missions took place, many succeeded and many didn't. The latest successful mission was taken by India on 24th September 2014. With this India became the first Asian country to successfully send an orbiter to Mars. It was completed in a record budget of $71 million, making it the least expensive Mars mission to date.

        Due to remarkable achievements of mankind, space exploration has now become more popular in 21th century mainly because of the commercialization of space industry. Companies like Space x, Blue origin made space exploration more cheaper than ever.

• Space x

 Space exploration is also done by astronomers with telescopes. Telescopes like Hubble Space Telescope, James Webb Telescope also plays an important part in astronomy. In 2019 Swiss scientists Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz received half of the Nobel Prize award for their ground breaking discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar type star. This will disclose a whole new chapter for the space lovers and explorers.

• Hubble Space Telescope

       It's just little more than 60 years of human space explorations and there's a whole bunch of things to be discovered. Hopefully it all will be possible in the near future.

Celestial Sphere

CELESTIAL SPHERE:

                     If you look at the night sky, you will see that all stars always appear fixed relative to each other and the entire pattern of stars rigidly orbit the sun throughout the year in the same manner. We employ this artificial, earth-based view of the heavens to make celestial maps by pretending that the stars are attached to the inside of an enormous hollow shell which is basically the "Celestial Sphere" and the Earth is at the center of the sphere.

THE NIGHT SHY:

                  In day time we can't see the stars due to the sunlight. But at night we can watch the stars quite clearly. The pattern of stars is visible in the dark which is called "Constellation". But the same view is invisible in the big cities due to the light pollution. You can clearly see the difference of the night sky with and without the light pollution in the following picture. In this photograph you can clearly see the difference of the night sky with and without light in Goodwood, Ontario, Canada.[copyright Todd Carlson /skynews Magazine]

CELESTIAL SPHERE IN NAVIGATING THE SKY:

                In celestial sphere stars are seemed fixed because they are too far away. In reality they do move relative to each other. But we neither see their motion nor perceive their relative distances because they are so far from us. Astronomers use celestial sphere in finding stars, but the condition is the stars must be fixed on it, just as cities are fixed on maps of the Earth. They applied a coordinate system to it to locate this quickly.

• CELESTIAL EQUATOR: If we expand the Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere we obtain the "celestial equator",which divides the sky into northern and southern hemispheres same as the Earth's equator divides the Earth into two hemispheres. Now if we stretch the Earth's north and south poles out into space along the Earth's axis of rotation to the celestial sphere, it will give us "north celestial pole' and "south celestial pole"

• DECLINATION AND RIGHT ASCENSION: Using the same conditions as the celestial equator, astronomers divide up the surface of the celestial sphere in precisely the same way that latitude and longitude grid divides the Earth. The equivalent to latitude on Earth is called "declination" on the celestial sphere. It is measured from 0 degree to 90 degree north or south of the celestial equator. The  equivalent of longitude on Earth is called "right ascension" on the celestial sphere, measured from 0 h to 245 h around the celestial equator.

• VERNAL EQUINOX: The Sun also orbit around the our galaxy (Milky Way Galaxy) through out the year.So we can say the Sun also has an orbit in the celestial sphere.Just as the    location of Greenwich, England, defines the prime meridian, or zero of longitude on Earth, we need to establish a zero of right ascension. It is defined as one of the places where the Sun's annual path across the celestial sphere intersects the celestial equator. The celestial equator and the Sun's path intersect at two points. The equivalent on the celestial sphere of the Earth's prime meridian is where the Sun crosses the celestial equator moving northward. Angles of right ascension are measured from this point, called the "vernal equinox".              

What's Del Operator

THE DEL OPERATOR:

Del is not a vector in general.It's actually does not mean much individually untill we provide it some function to act upon.So at first we will understand what's gradient ,then it will be easy for us to understand the Del operator.

WHAT'S GRADIENT:

Let's understand gradient from a example.Suppose,we have a function of three variables say Temperature T(x,y,z) of a room.So if we want to find how the temperature varies from point to point we  have to differentiate the function to get the value.Now in this case this function has three variables(x,y,z).So the function not only varies by distance but also it has a direction.It's really difficult to deal with  functions with more than one variables .So to generalize the notion of derivative to functions like Temperature we'll use the theorem on partial derivative which states that :
dT=(∂T/∂x)dx+(∂T/∂y)dy+(∂T/∂z)dz ............(1)
this tells us how T changes when we alter all three variables by infinitesimal amounts dx,dy,dz.
  we can rearrange equation (1) and we'll get,
dT=[(∂T/∂x) i^+(∂T/∂y) j^+(∂T/∂z) k^].(dx i^+dy j^+dz k^)   [ i^, j^, k^ are unit vectors in respective directions]

 =(∇T).(dl)  [where dl is a vector]
where,
∇T=(∂T/∂x) i^+(∂T/∂y) j^+(∂T/∂z) k^........(2)
is called the Gradient of T.Here,∇T is a vector quantity.
Properties of ∇:
From equation (2), the term in parentheses is called Del:
∇=(∂/∂x) i^ +(∂/∂y) j^+(∂/∂y) k^
 We have learnt earlier that ∇ itself is not a vector.But it mimics the behaviour of an ordinary vector in every way.That means we can do almost any sort of application of it so as the vector.

HOW THE OPERATOR ∇ WORKS:

Like an ordinary vector we can use ∇ in three different ways:

1. On a scalar function T: ∇T (the gradient);
2. on a vector function v,by dot product: ∇.v (the divergence);
3. on a vector function v,by cross product: ∇×v (the curl); 

You can learn more about operator and it's application in the below e-books: click on the book icon;

                                    https://amzn.to/2YUC0o2